References
Cited Sources:
- Gill, Victoria. "Oxygen Mystery: How Marine Mammals Hold Their Breath." BBC News. N.p., 2013. Web. 24 Apr. 2015. <http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-22853482>.
- "The Mammalian Diving Reflex." Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science, 11 Mar. 2012. Web. 24 Apr. 2015. <http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/winter-2012/the-mammalian-diving-reflex#.VTrFayFViko>.
- Rudy M. Ortiz, Duncan S. Mackenzie, Graham A. J. Worthy "Thyroid Hormone Concentrations in Captive and Free-Ranging West Indian Manatees." The Journal of Experimental Biology 203, 3631–3637 (n.d.): 3631-637. Web. 24 Apr. 2015. <http://jeb.biologists.org/content/203/23/3631.full.pdf>.
- Kohin, Suzanne, Terrie M. Williams, and C.leo Ortiz. "Effects of Hypoxia and Hypercapnia on Aerobic Metabolic Processes in Northern Elephant Seals." Respiration Physiology 117.1 (1999): 59-72. Web. 24 Apr. 2015. <http://williams.eeb.ucsc.edu/publications/pdfs/Kohin%20et%20al%201999.pdf>.
- Mirceta, Scott. "Evolution of Mammalian Diving Capacity Traced by Myoglobin Net Surface Charge." Www.sciencemag.org. Science Magazine, 17 Apr. 13. Web. 24 Apr. 2015. <http://www.sciencemag.org/content/340/6138/1234192.full>.
- Williams, Terrie, and Graham Worthy. "Marine Mammal Biology." chapter 3. Blackwell Science Ltd, 2002. Web. 03 Apr. 2015. <https://books.google.com/books?id=OwF05MfTagsC&lpg=PA73&ots=mxmE6tzFDc&dq=oxygen+utilization+in+mammals+living+in+terrestrial+and+aquatic+environments&lr&pg=PA73#v=onepage&q&f=false>.
- G. H. Parker. "The Breathing of the Florida Manatee (Trichechus Latirostris)." Journal of Mammalogy, n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2015. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1373656?seq=2#page_scan_tab_contents>.
- "Scientists Discover How Marine Mammals Hold Their Breath for Long Periods « Science World." Voa.com. Voice of America, June 2013. Web. 01 Apr. 2015. <http://blogs.voanews.com/science-world/2013/06/14/scientists-discover-how-marine-mammals-hold-their-breath-for-long-periods/>.
- "Introduction to Marine Mammals." The Marine Mammal Center, n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2015. <http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/education/marine-mammal-information/>.
- "The Physics of Breathing Underwater." Air and Water, n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2015. <http://www.air-n-water.com/breathing-underwater.htm>.
- Zapol, W. M., and R. D. Hill. "Arterial Gas Tensions and Hemoglobin Concentrations of the Freely Dividing Weddell Seal." Http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/2531/2800051.pdf?sequence=1, n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2015. <http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/2531/2800051.pdf?sequence=1>
- Brown, R.e, J.p Butler, J.j Godleski, and S.h Loring. "The Elephant's Respiratory System: Adaptations to Gravitational Stress." Respiration Physiology 109.2 (1997): 177-94. Web. 24 Apr. 2015. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9299649>.
- Michael Panneton. "The Mammalian Diving Response: An Enigmatic Reflex to Preserve Life?" American Physiological Society, Sept. 2013. Web. <http://physiologyonline.physiology.org/content/28/5/284>.
Other Interesting Sources:
- American Journal of AnatomyVolume 67, Issue 3, Article First Published Online: 3 FEB 2005." A Study of the Histological Structure of the Respiratory Portion of the Lungs of Aquatic Mammals. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2015. <http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aja.1000670305/pdf>.https://books.google.com/books?id=e5qjAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA68&lpg=PA68&dq=tidal+volume+in+marine+mammals&source=bl&ots=BdyXOUtrFg&sig=RuHDOkvuyo8Y_iUOhffjWYvIkt4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=x9geVaL-JtfjoATjxoDABQ&ved=0CEMQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=tidal%20volume%20in%20marine%20mammals&f=false
- "Myoglobin Saturation in Free-diving Weddell Seals." Journal of Applied Physiology 79.4,1148-1155 (1995): n. pag. Web. 24 Apr. 2015. <http://jap.physiology.org/content/79/4/1148>.
- Castellini, Michael A., and George N. Somero. "Buffering Capacity of Vertebrate Muscle: Correlations with Potentials for Anaerobic Function." Springer Link. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 24 Apr. 1981. Web. 24 Apr. 2015. <http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00797698#page-1>.
- Castellini, Michael A., Oguz Baskurt, Judith M. Castellini, and Herbert J. Meiselman. "Blood Rheology in Marine Mammals." Frontiers in Physiology. Frontiers Research Foundation, n.d. Web. 24 Apr. 2015. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3059974/>.
- Meir, Jessica U., Patrick W. Robinson, L. Ignacio Vilchis, Gerald L. Kooyman, Daniel P. Costa, and Paul J. Ponganis. "Blood Oxygen Depletion Is Independent of Dive Function in a Deep Diving Vertebrate, the Northern Elephant Seal." US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health. N.p., Dec. 2013. Web. 24 Apr. 2015. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3871621/>.
- Mirceta, Scott. "Evolution of Mammalian Diving Capacity Traced by Myoglobin Net Surface Charge." Www.sciencemag.org. Science Magazine, 17 Apr. 13. Web. 24 Apr. 2015. <http://www.sciencemag.org/content/340/6138/1234192.full>.
- Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut. Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1997. Print.
- Tift, Michael S., Paul Ponganis, and Daniel Crocker. "Elevated Carboxyhemoglobin in a Marine Mammal, the Northern Elephant Seal." The Journal of Experimental Biology (2014): n. pag. Web. 24 Apr. 2015. <http://jeb.biologists.org/content/217/10/1752.long>.
- Walder, Dennis N. "Diving Physiology." Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 6.1 (1981): 67-78. Web. 24 Apr. 2015. <http://bio.classes.ucsc.edu/bio131/Thometz%20Website/15%20Diving%20Physiology%20PPT.pdf>.